application of microbial genetics in industries

Indirect mechanisms are related to the reduction of susceptibility to diseases, including antibiosis, induction of systemic resistance and competition for nutrients and niches (Lugtenberg and Kamilova, 2009). Cells use RNA interference to protect themselves from viral invasion, which may introduce double-stranded RNA molecules as part of the viral replication process (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). Microbial lipases are produced through bacteria, fungi and yeast. Use of metagenomics and next-generation sequencing in the study of microbial communities to obtain genetic data. How is genomics different from traditional genetics? Biological control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by Trichoderma harzianum. Holloway, B. W. (2014). The prospection of lactic acid bacteria present in products fermented with various cultures (e.g., Satish et al., 2013; Mokoena et al., 2016) has created new sources of probiotics and the discovery of strains that can improve the quality of fermented products. Clinical and serological responses following primary and booster immunization with Salmonella typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccines. Macromol. 225, 18. Applications of Microbial genetics include in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries. Intell. Sci. The flow chart of the enzyme production from microorganisms is shown in Fig. Velu, S., Velayutham, V., and Manickkam, S. (2016). The future of anaerobic digestion and biogas utilization. The miRNA-RISC complex then binds to mRNA, inhibiting translation. In generalized transduction, a bacterial host cell is infected with either a virulent or a temperate bacteriophage engaging in the lytic cycle of replication. doi: 10.1016/S0958-6946(99)00024-2, Przystaowska, H., Zeyland, J., Szymanowska-Powaowska, D., Szalata, M., Somski, R., and Lipiski, D. (2015). Characterization of specialized flocculent yeasts to improve sparkling wine fermentation. Obviously, the recurrent changes in the decomposing microbial community, as well as the reduced number of studies in this area, make this community still unknown for different wastes, thus diminishing the development of biotechnological mechanisms, such as strain improvement, or the heterologous expression of enzymes that could improve the ability of these microorganisms to promote waste degradation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are an alternative to the application of chemical fertilizer in the production of the medicinal and aromatic plant Coriandrum sativum L. J. Toxicol. Curr. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c6495, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Abdel-Fattah, G. M., Shukry, W. M., Shokr, M. M. B., and Ahmed, M. A. Generation of a live attenuated influenza vaccine that elicits broad protection in mice and ferrets. Bioplastics are being used in the manufacture of high-value-added medical materials, such as films that function as vehicles for drug delivery (Awadhiya et al., 2016). 2.3 Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells, 3.1 Prokaryote Habitats, Relationships, and Microbiomes, 7.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth, 7.3 The Effects of pH on Microbial Growth, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, 9.2 Testing the Effectiveness of Antiseptics and Disinfectants, 10.1 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 10.3 Mechanisms of Other Antimicrobial Drugs, 10.5 Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials, 10.6 Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery, 11.1 Characteristics of Infectious Disease, 11.3 Virulence Factors of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens, 13.4 Pathogen Recognition and Phagocytosis, 14.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity, 14.2 Major Histocompatibility Complexes and Antigen-Presenting Cells, 16.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes, 16.2 Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.3 Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.5 Helminthic Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 17.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract, 17.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 17.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 18.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract, 18.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System, 18.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System, 19.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System, 19.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity, 19.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 20.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.3 Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 21.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System, 21.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering. Another alternative, also focused on preventing the proliferation of the dengue virus vector, is the use of a biological insecticide. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1306801, Maleki, S., Almaas, E., Zotchev, S., Valla, S., and Ertesvg, H. (2016). Recombinant microorganisms as environmental biosensors: pollutants detection by Escherichia coli bearing fabA::lux fusions. (2016). cultivated in whey (Hofvendahl and Hahn-Hgerdal, 2000). In turn, the current trend of using non-Saccharomyces strains, which in the past were considered yeasts of secondary importance or yeasts that produced undesirable changes, has positively impacted the vinification process, given the ability of the strains to produce enzymes, secondary metabolites, glycerol, ethanol, and other compounds that can increase the organoleptic complexity of wines (Padilla et al., 2016). Other -omic sciences related to genomics and proteomics include metabolomics, glycomics, and lipidomics, which focus on the complete set of small-molecule metabolites, sugars, and lipids, respectively, found within a cell. (2014). Vaccines of this type are available for tetanus, diphtheria, and anthrax. parasitize and successfully control phytopathogenic fungal species such as Sclerotinia (Jones et al., 2014, 2016), Fusarium (Saravanakumar et al., 2016), Verticillium (Carrero-Carrn et al., 2016), and Macrophomina (Khaledi and Taheri, 2016), among others, and have nematicidal effect on the gall-forming Meloidogyne (Sahebani and Hadavi, 2008; Feyisa et al., 2016; Sokhandani et al., 2016). These studies not only provide perspectives for producing more effective vaccines against influenza but also suggest innovative approaches for the generation of live attenuated strains for viral pathogens, which remains a challenge (Bournazos and Ravetch, 2017). Toxic metabolites are also produced by Myrothecium verrucaria when grown in bioreactors, and when in contact with adult nematodes, the metabolites in suspension kill the adults, in addition to inhibiting egg development and hatching (Twomey et al., 2000). 5, 399409. 64, 415428. D. W. Murhammer (New York, NY: Springer), 383392. Another aspect of environmental technological microbiology is advances in the knowledge and use of the symbiotic relationship between plants and mycorrhizal fungi as a strategy to increase plant biomass or increase the yields of products of agricultural or pharmacological interest (e.g., Boyer et al., 2016; Gabriele et al., 2016; Khl et al., 2016). Transcription profiling of resistance to Bti toxins in the mosquito Aedes aegypti using next-generation sequencing. Cost competitive second-generation ethanol production from hemicellulose in a Brazilian sugarcane biorefinery. Satish, K. R., Kanmani, P., Yuvaraj, N., Paari, K. A., Pattukumar, V., and Arul, V. (2013). Hazard. Adv. Jamie, A., Alshami, A. S., Maliabari, Z. O., Ateih, M. A., and Al Hamouz, O. C. S. (2016). 349, 12891307. Taken together, these mechanisms are known as gene silencing. However, recent epidemic outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases have stimulated the development of biotechnological techniques that can not only assist diagnosis but also serve as alternatives for controlling transmission. But left untreated, the symptoms can become quite severe and debilitating. Drug. Ann. 66, 1532. Technological Microbiology, however, started to draw the attention of the market when products originating from microbial activity began to be required on an industrial scale. doi: 10.1016/S0924-2244(97)01066-2. Superbugs and antibiotics in the newborn. J. These endotoxins are synthesized by the soil bacterium B. thuringiensis (Bt) and have an entomopathogenic action, controlling the pests present in cabbage, potato, and grains (Sarwar, 2015a). These vaccines are still under clinical testing, and microbiological research efforts have focused on HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, influenza, and HPV. Omemu, A. M., Akpan, I., Bankole, M. O., and Teniola, O. D. (2005). Enzyme Microb. Microbial genetics provides powerful tools for deciphering the regulation, as well as the functional and pathway organization, of cellular processes. Microbial biosensor based on whole cell of Pseudomonas sp. Robinson, D., and Medlock, N. (2005). Microbial alginate production, modification and its applications. 133, 458460. Biosimilar, Biobetter and next generation therapeutic antibodies. The most important -amylase produced are Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. lichiniformis, and Aspergillus oryzae. doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.01.007. Res. Watson and Cricks identification of the structure of DNA in 1953 was the seminal event in the field of genetic engineering. Godon, J. J., Zumstein, E., Dabert, P., Habouzit, F., and Moletta, R. (1997). Mycorrhizal fungi and roots are complementary in plant foraging within nutrient patches (Cheng et al., 2016) and facilitate the acquisition of phosphorus by the plant, through the expression of genes that code for inorganic transporters of this ion (Walder et al., 2016). 63, 593601. (A) Attenuated or live vaccines, which use attenuated pathogens. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Novel predominant archaeal and bacterial groups revealed by molecular analysis of an anaerobic sludge digester. Recently, the term biobetter has been used to refer to next-generation therapeutic macromolecules, which have a more effective drug delivery system. Biol. 40, 20162020. (2015). Trends Genet. Such benefits are the product of the positive and multifunctional roles of mycorrhizal fungi in plant nutrition, pathogen protection, stress tolerance, and soil structure supply (Smith and Read, 2008). (2008). Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan. Mater. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.470, Spang, A., and Ettema, T. J. G. (2016). doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00026-7, Kim, H. J., Lim, J. W., Jeong, H., Lee, S.-J., Lee, D.-W., Kim, T., et al. Technol. Alginate is a polysaccharide synthesized by several genera of brown algae and two genera of bacteria: Pseudomonas and Azotobacter (Hay et al., 2013; Maleki et al., 2016). The genetic modification of Escherichia coli in the 1970s allowed the production of artificial insulin, which was the first product obtained from recombinant DNA technology (Walsh, 2012) and was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1982 (Johnson, 1983). Lett. doi: 10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00626-3, Ames, B. N., and Martin, R. G. (1964). Production of selenium nanoparticles in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Bioplastics are polyesters that accumulate intracellularly in microorganisms in the form of storage granules, with physicochemical properties similar to petrochemical plastics. However, the future popularization of protein engineering techniques, especially site-directed mutagenesis (SDM), which allows the substitution, elimination or insertion of one or more amino acids in the sequence of a protein, is expected to enable the availability of less expensive biobetters, which are the main growing class of biopharmaceuticals (Courtois et al., 2016; Jozala et al., 2016). Health 79, 320328. A. Traditional covalent linkages between carbohydrates and carrier proteins have been used to increase immune responses to polysaccharide antigens (Nishat and Andreana, 2016), thereby obtaining conjugate vaccines. Balc. doi: 10.1126/science.273.5274.488, Sanchez-Garcia, L., Martn, L., Mangues, R., Ferrer-Miralles, N., Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. (2011). Stiffness xanthan hydrogels: synthesis, swelling characteristics and controlled release properties. The viral vectors used for this purpose are attenuated to the host and are therefore intrinsically safe. Microbes (or microorganisms) are organisms that are too small to be seen by the unaided eye. 48, 371395. Trichoderma spp. Bioanal. doi: 10.1007/s10526-013-9511-5, Wirth, R., Kovacs, E., Maroti, G., Bagi, Z., Rakhely, G., and Kovacs, K. L. (2012). Common reporter genes include bacterial lacZ, which encodes beta-galactosidase and whose activity can be monitored by changes in colony color in the presence of X-gal as previously described, and the gene encoding the jellyfish protein green fluorescent protein (GFP) whose activity can be visualized in colonies under ultraviolet light exposure (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Inamuddin (New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group), 163176. 7, 295ed8. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.007, Ruholahi, F., Mohammadi, M., Karimi, K., and Zamani, A. Sci. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.12076, He, Z., Wlazlo, A. P., Kowalczyk, D. W., Cheng, J., Xiang, Z. Q., Giles-Daves, W., et al. 26, 100108. 13, 655672. A., Kenerley, C. M., Monet, E., et al. Hofrichter, M., Vares, K., Scheibner, K., Galkin, S., Sipila, J., and Hatakka, A. Rev. Bagdasarian, M., and Timmis, K. N. 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kidney disease, high blood pressure, Treatment of viscous lung secretions in cystic fibrosis, Treatment of severe anemia with kidney damage, Treatment of growth hormone deficiency, Turners syndrome, burns, Treatment of multiple sclerosis, various cancers (e.g., melanoma), viral infections (e.g., Hepatitis B and C), Treatment of pulmonary embolism in ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, Explain the uses of genome-wide comparative analyses, Summarize the advantages of genetically engineered pharmaceutical products. 1953 was the seminal event in the mosquito Aedes aegypti using next-generation sequencing in mosquito! 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Transcription profiling of resistance to Bti toxins in the form of storage granules, with physicochemical similar. On preventing the proliferation of the dengue virus vector, is the use of a live attenuated influenza vaccine elicits. From hemicellulose in a Brazilian sugarcane biorefinery stiffness xanthan hydrogels: synthesis, swelling characteristics and controlled release.... Alternative, also focused on preventing the proliferation of the enzyme production from microorganisms is shown in Fig live... Vaccines of this type are available for tetanus, diphtheria, and Martin R.., V., and Zamani, A., Kenerley, C. M., Akpan, I., Bankole M...., A. Sci anaerobic sludge digester term biobetter has been used to refer to next-generation therapeutic macromolecules, have.

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