They had no points to pay on the closing, no smooth broker taking a percentage, and no rent to pay until the Revolutionary War ended (The Treaty of Paris, September 3, 1783). The book is full of questions and answers on many different subjects, one of them being: Q: Why are water and wine casks charred on the inside? Thus, even though flavor wasnt of primary importance, distillers always ran the risk of blowing themselves to kingdom come should a still decide to explode. One bottle, from the late nineteenth century, was shaped like a babys bottle, and bore the words, Here is the Milk of Human Kindness.. The manufacture of rum continued to be big business in America right through until 1808 when the U.S. prohibited the importation of slaves from Africa. The most influential group on the other side of the Prohibition debate was The Wine and Spirits Association, formed in 1891 to counter the propaganda of the Anti-Saloon League and all of the other similarly prohibitionistic societies. Most of them didnt linger long to mingle with the settlers on the coast--they had left Ulster to go west and go west they did. Jack Daniels No. It has not come to the kingdom simply to build a little local sentiment, or to secure the passage of a few laws, nor yet to vote the saloons from a few hundred towns. Here, in very simple terms, is how the scam worked: Sometime around 1870, government agents, charged with keeping an eye on how much whiskey was being made, arranged to ignore a certain percentage of the distillate in return for cash in the amount of roughly half the money the distillery would have paid in taxes. Bourbon was here to stay. Not everyone was enamored of this new method, however, and some forward-thinking individuals took to actively advertising the fact that they continued to use old-fashioned methods. Even as late as 1891, James E. Pepper was advertising that he distilled twice over open fires (signifying the use of pot stills). However, to some extent, Grant was directly involved with this scam: One of its main culprits, who was never convicted of any wrongdoing, was protected by Grant, and rumor at the time had it that Grants son Fred and brother Orvil had directly profited from the fraud. However, since it takes 10 full days for the whiskey to travel through all of the charcoal, we think he was referring to his new, though slow, method of filtration. If you were in with the in crowd, the nightlife was sparkling, and it was in the fun-filled, mobster-run clubs of this era that the twenties roared with a hoarse throat, worn dry by bad liquor. Pardons were offered to anyone who agreed to comply with the law henceforth. Schenley changed the wording on the label to Whiskey--A Blend--All Straight Whiskeys, but it was too late--the brand died. Bourbon was becoming a little more sophisticated. Even the whiskey bottles had to be made to new government standards that called for thinner glass and no unnecessary designs. . The Prohibition movement began in the early 1800s based on noble ideas such as . And through the years, whiskey has developed into the complex, big-bodied, distinctively American bourbons, ryes, and Tennessee whiskeys that today, are savored by connoisseurs, sipped by grandmothers, tossed back by barflies, and discovered by almost every American as he or she reaches that magical age of twenty-one. Was Thorpe actually distilling corn whiskey at the time? We should mention, however, that some modern distillers go to great trouble to differentiate their various bottlings, either by using different recipes, and/or by selecting whiskeys that have developed particular styles during aging. The Industrial Revolution, both in the U.S. and Great Britain, saw inventors and inventions coming out of the woodwork, and more than a few people tried their hands at devising new types of stills. Over the course of the war, some distilleries were destroyed, some distillers died, and the rest survived as best they could. World Class 'Sipping' Single Malt Whiskies Under $100, Ranked. The first settlers imported some alcohol too--wines, brandy, and fortified wines such as Madeira, sack, and Canary. But they really wanted to become as self-sufficient as possible, and although imported wines and liquors have always held that if it comes from France, it must be good image, the self-sufficient Pilgrims and those who followed them soon started to make all kinds of drinks from the abundant native ingredients. Liquor in the 18th century: History of Distilled Spirits. In fact, its very unlikely that anyone with the equipment and knowledge required to make whiskey would produce only enough for himself and his family. Yet it is undeniable that prohibition has in some respects been signally successful. It was too much for the industry to bear. The Pepper family was one of the few Kentucky distillers who could afford the taxes that spurred the Whiskey Rebellion. In that year, after further reducing the taxes but still not getting cooperation from the Pennsylvanians, George Washington, for the first time in the history of the United States, rallied federal troops to quell the uprising. 1, O.K. Those choosing to give up all forms of booze had their names marked in the register with a T for Total--they were the worlds first tee-totalers. And dont think they didnt complain. Boats from Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Tennessee, would wait for the rivers to rise before embarking on their journey downriver. Jack Daniels whiskey continued to be made in St. Louis and Alabama, while George A. Dickels whisky transferred to Louisville, where huge leaching vats were erected at the Stitzel distillery to facilitate the Tennessean Lincoln County Process of charcoal mellowing. Yes, all sorts of deals were going on throughout this period--distilleries without a medicine license were selling their stocks to those who did, others maintained warehouses where those with licenses could store their whiskey under government supervision, and an unofficial cartel sent Owsley Brown of Brown-Forman to Europe to try to sell over 20,000 barrels of bourbon--a mission that was only partially successful. Five years later (and five years before the whole country had to seek solace from illicit stills and bathtub gin), 20 states were dry: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, North Dakota, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and West Virginia. American whiskey, itself, has reached maturity in relatively recent years, after spending a 300-year adolescence being molded by every major event that has affected its native country. Cutter, Chicken Cock and Old Forrester. Since good straight whiskey was hard to come by during the dry years, the public had become accustomed to gin. By the early 1940s, however, the distillers had managed to age sufficient quantities of straight whiskey to have an appreciable amount of good, aged bourbon and rye back on the shelves. The bar opened in 1897 and closed its doors when Prohibition was enacted. Maine was made dry in 1846, Vermont in 1852, New Hampshire and Massachusetts in 1855, and New York in 1854 (but for only two years--New Yorkers just dont put up with that kind of behavior). Over the whole of the eighteenth century, about 250,000 Scots-Irish Ulstermen and Ulsterwomen came to America. They were shipping whiskey to all sorts of colorful Western towns--Laramie, Tombstone, Dodge City--but it wasnt always too good; much was completely unaged and cut with water. So, during the Civil War, more than a little red liquor was poured over a wound to clean it and much, much more was poured down parched throats to depress awareness and ease the pain of countrymen fighting countrymen on their own land. Corn, an indigenous grain, was also cultivated, and although the immigrants werent used to using it to make whiskey, it was gradually introduced to the process in small quantities. A bottle of Old Crow in 1916 would have cost $2 to $3, depending on its age (the $3 bottling was distilled in 1884, the less expensive one in 1904), and rye whiskey at the time was being sold at similar prices. In Europe, the Great War broke out in 1914, and although President Woodrow Wilson initially declared that the country would remain neutral, on April 6, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Germany. It was cheaper than beer, wine, coffee, tea, and milk in the 1820s than to buy whiskey. ): During the period leading up to the Civil War, some brand-name whiskeys were becoming popular. Although these rogues would grow more prevalent during the latter part of the century, by 1860 there was already at least one book on the market that gave instructions on how to make imitation liquors and wines. Some distillers are resting comfortably, knowing that they have been producing fine heavy-bodied whiskeys all along, while others who had lightened their products somewhat in an attempt to compete with gin, vodka, and rum, are now, thankfully, rethinking their position. It is estimated that, although relatively little wine or beer was poured during Prohibition, consumption of the hard stuff actually increased by more than 15 percent per person. proof). Exploring unchartered lands, they learned to survive by hook and crook. Undeterred, they turned their talents to fermenting other fruits--and even vegetables. And while they had the governments attention, the distillers took the opportunity to have them look at the fact that paying taxes on unaged whiskey, a product that couldnt yet be sold, was another problem that should be dealt with. On what did they spend it? 23 gallons of industrial alcohol were required in the manufacture of a Jeep. The colonists, however, found an ingenious way of coping with these new taxes--for the most part, they ignored them. Stills had been commonplace on Scottish farms since the mid-1500s, usually little more than barrel-size (or smaller) enclosed copper pots with a metal pipe that emerged from the top and coiled down to a receptacle that caught the condensed spirit. And many of the soldiers who had been dispatched to Pennsylvania, on hearing about the Bluegrass States fertile soil and sweet limestone water that were perfect for corn-growing and whiskey-making, decided to flee the army and settle in Kentucky. The first cotton mill in America had opened in 1789, and when America signed a treaty with Spain in 1795, the Mississippi River became the old man whose back would carry goods for sale or trade with no hindrance from the Iberians. But the 1791 tax on American whiskey was, of course, very unpopular among the farmer-distillers. Around when did water become a viable option? Even by 1939 when Charles H. Baker Jr.s excellent book, The Gentlemans Companion, was published, the author noted that vodka was unnecessary to medium or small bars.. Lems peach brandy was made in an old pot still. I. W. Harper, Old Charter, and Cascade (George A. Dickel) brand names were purchased by Schenley in the late 1930s, and Schenley itself was later acquired by United Distillers. (One horse could carry about four bushels of grain or one 60-gallon barrel of whiskey--the product of 24 bushels of grain. Two bottles were sold in Glasgow in 2010, one to a US-based collector and one to a UK-based investor. In the late 1800s, Irish whiskey distilleries began to add an 'e' to the spelling of "whisky" to distinguish themselves from their competitors making scotch, and Jameson Irish Whiskey was certainly one to follow suit. While the United States was searching for an identity, certain families were forming the basis for what were to become major whiskey empires. He was thinking of running for a third term--even though he had once told Congress that he was not prepared for the office at all--and people within his administration despaired of some of the people he had chosen to work alongside him. The fact was that since Jefferson Davis had made whiskey hard to come by, its value had increased by leaps and bounds. Two of the more popular American spirits during the first century and a half of colonization were peach brandy, made mainly in the Southern colonies, and applejack (a brandy distilled from cider), which probably originated in or around New Jersey. So, if a saloon owner in the west needed whiskey in a hurry, he could now order by telegram and get a few barrels on its way to him the very next day. We might as well ask who was the first person to bake bread. The farmer-distillers made a more than adequate living by raising livestock, growing grain, and making rye whiskey that they could trade to fulfill their other needs. They didnt seem to care that these very impurities were responsible for the very flavor of the whiskey. One of the women who had joined the Womens Crusade and was president of the WTCU. Therefore, strong drink is a luxury that takes food from the mouths of all people. One of the favorite whiskey recipes is Ol' Snakehead. Even aspirin, which was discovered in 1849, wasnt used medicinally until the end of the century. The yearbook goes on to note the progress that the drys had made since the Leagues conception in 1893. A man named Evan Williams actually built a whiskey distillery in Louisville in 1783, and this is the first recorded mention of a commercial distillery that we can find, although that doesnt mean that Boone and Ritchie werent selling or bartering their product. Tight barrels were valuable, and recyclable, and used barrels were less expensive than new ones. He described her as unquestionably the handsomest woman in St. Louis, and went on to say, Her form was petite, and yet withal, a plumpness and development which made her a being whose tempting, luscious deliciousness was irresistible. Obviously, McDonald was quite taken with the woman (although a sketch of Sylph in McDonalds book reveals her to have been more homely than irresistible). Babcock became an Inspector of Lighthouses and drowned in 1884; McDonald was found guilty of his crimes in 1875, fined $5,000, and sentenced to three years imprisonment--but was pardoned, less than two years later, by President Hayes. proof), five gallons of pure bourbon, one pint of simple syrup (sugar water), one ounce of spirits of nitre, and some burned sugar for coloring. Up until this point, cultural and agricultural needs and feasibilities had dictated the production of Americas whiskey, but a major event was about to occur, just a decade after the Declaration of Independence was issued, wherein whiskey would have a direct affect on the nation itself. It was the beginning of the American way of doing business, and many small concerns combined and consolidated into larger companies. But back when the governments excise tax was raised to $2 in 1865, the moonshiners of Kentucky and Tennessee were making white lightning in abundance and cashing in on the woes of the legitimate distillers. This bourbon was rested for 7 long years in hand-selected white oak barrels. John D. Rockefeller, Sr. had paved the way with Standard Oil and all it took after that was a few clever men in Peoria, Illinois. They had no ruling monarch to worry about, could practice whatever religion they darned well pleased, and didnt have to pay any excise taxes, but that wasnt going to last too long--the nation had some debts that needed to be paid. Why gin? None, however, were as successful as Aenaes Coffey, who, in 1831, patented his perfected continuous still in Britain. : The Anti-Saloon League is not, strictly speaking, an organization. In fact, although pot stills were used by most of the legitimate distillers, some poorer folk were still running it on the log. This was a backwoods method of distillation that seems rather convoluted--but it worked. In 1776, Kentucky County was carved from the massive western part of Virginia previously known as Fincastle County, and a law known colloquially as corn patch and cabin rights, was issued by the Virginia General Assembly. According to Patricia M. Rice, author of Altered States, in 1873, Eliza Jane Thompson, a woman with a passionate distaste for the drinking classes, led 70 women to drugstores and bars in her hometown of Hillsboro, Ohio, where they stood outside and sang hymns and prayed. Meanwhile, Seagram introduced its Five Crown and Seven Crown blended whiskeys to the American public, and they were an unmitigated success. According to most reports, Sylph was a woman said to have had an extra-marital affair with Grant, and she was a woman who had pestered him ever since. In those days (and right up until fairly recently), most distilling was done during the cool autumn months, right after the crops had been harvested, and the whiskey men would have to wait until spring before they could launch their flatboats. By tracing the thirst the settlers wanted to slake we can plot the development of American whiskey from the early days of the settlers in Virginia and New England all the way through time to today. Though commonly believed to be a beer, the main carbohydrate is a complex form of fructose rather than starch. This page is part of a series Liquor in the 20th Century. was the most consumed alcoholic liquor. Robert Samuels (Makers Mark Bourbon) arrived in Kentucky in 1780 and probably set up his still shortly thereafter. included instructions on how to make imitation whiskeys such as Old Rye, Old Rye Monongahela, and Old Bourbon. The author, John Stephen, M.D., who billed himself as A Practical Chemist and Experienced Liquor Dealer, noted that his methods, known as the French System, were almost unknown in this country and accused previous rectifiers of adulterating liquors with poisonous and deleterious compounds., Stephens French System of making imitation whiskey, however, was, as he predicted in his book, to become the standard method of making less-expensive whiskey. The early setters brought quite a supply of ale and spirits with them from England, but when their supplies dwindled, they had no choice but to brew their own beer, using whatever ingredients were close at hand. Jack Daniel opened his Tennessee distillery in 1866. The advantage of this new type of packaging was that the potable became more portable. The following morning they discarded the frozen portion, leaving them with very strong cider--the alcohol content was concentrated in the liquid that didnt, or couldnt, freeze. What could they do with all the leftover grain after all their neighbors had bought or bartered enough to keep them in their daily bread for the next year or so? Just over six months later, when Prohibition was repealed, the beer, wine, and spirits industries had to devise codes of their own. Not only did they point to Babcocks warning McDonald of the impending investigation (dated prior to McDonalds being accused), they bore a strange signature--Sylph. Was Sylph the Deep Throat of the day? Whatever his product actually was, however, was strong enough to get a whole bunch of native Americans so drunk that they scalped and killed him in 1622. Cabin Still and Kentucky Tavern whiskeys were both trademarked in 1903. Somewhere, close to the top of the log or in the lid itself, must have been a hole fitted with the copper pipe that carried live steam into the still from a nearby kettle. According to Roseann Reinemuth Hogan in her book, Kentucky Ancestry, a churchman of the time referred to heaven as a Kentucky sort of a place. Well, any old place with decent topsoil would have sufficed for the farmer-distillers of Virginia at the time. Just over two years later, on January 17, 1920, after the Volstead Act that enabled the National Prohibition Law, had been passed by 287 votes to 100, the nation was officially dry. When whiskey spends time in a barrel, it may seem to be sleeping, but in actuality it is growing up. This agency eventually became part of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. This was, after all, the first time that Washington had ever enforced federal law in the United States, and in order to persuade men to fight their fellow countrymen, Washington needed to prove he was a strong leader. No tale of Prohibition would be complete without a few words on this colorful woman. The company was acquired by the Jim Beam Brands Company in the 1980s. The Confederacy, therefore, declared prohibition, on a state to state basis, and tried to buy up all the available whiskey to use as medicine, for Navy rations, and in certain instances, for soldiers who needed a medicinal boost. But, as we well know, if the public wants whiskey they shall jolly well have it, and the people who profited most from this very high tax were none other than the moonshiners. The views and opinions expressed in the following book chapters are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Distilled Spirits Council or its member companies. Jim Beam joined with Albert J. Hart to run the Old Tub Distillery in 1892. Thompson later formed his own company, bought the Glenmore Distillery in 1901, and introduced Kentucky Tavern whiskey to the world in 1903. (And we are willing to bet that if you had to choose between a one-year-old straight whiskey and a well-made blended whiskey, you, too, would pick the latter.). one gallon was needed in order to make 64 hand grenades or two 155mm Howitzer shells. And although the town was originally known as Salem, the settlers soon adopted the name of their benefactor, and Bards Town (Bardstown) was born. It also stated that only straight whiskey could be bonded (although distillates other than whiskey--rum, for instance--that met the requirements could also be Bottled in Bond). He was buried in a drunkards grave. In those days, rum was known by many different names: Rumbullion, rumbustion, rumbowling, kill-devil, rhumbooze, and Barbados water were all common terms for the distillate of sugar cane or molasses. Not all Northerners believed that their soldiers were drinking more than the Southern troops. Basil Hayden (Old Grand-Dad Bourbon) settled in Kentucky in either 1785 or 1796, depending on the source. George Ade, author of The Old Time Saloon, noted that, in Chicago, once a saloon keeper got his license, he would throw the key to his bar into Lake Michigan so that his doors could never again be locked. There must have been cases of individuals who stored whiskey and realized that it tasted better as time went by, but nevertheless, the practice of choosing to keep whiskey in the wood so that it would mature didnt become commonplace until sometime during the early- to mid-nineteenth century. After taking office in 1869, the politics of Reconstruction plagued him, and his administration was beset by scandal after scandal. In 1798 almost 200 Kentucky whiskey men were found guilty of making whiskey without a license (Elijah Craig, a Baptist minister, no less, among them). Their pride for the craft is evident in this Rare Release of the 8-Year Single Barrel Rye Whiskey. By his accounts, this bar was indeed one worth frequenting. When it's good, it's good. When Grant was elected U.S. president in 1868, the whole countrys relief was palpable. But in those pre-pasteurization days, beer didnt keep too long, so they brewed only as much beer as would be consumed in the very near future. And although Grant allowed Babcock to return to his job at the White House, officials made sure that he was replaced just a few days later. Further investigations implicated Babcock, Grants personal friend and trusted secretary, in the ring--but Grant refused to believe the evidence. If they couldnt get the public to pay high prices for legitimate whiskey, they would have to reduce the tax and help the whiskey business back to its tax-paying feet. Oscar Pepper (James E. Pepper and Old Crow Bourbons) built the Old Oscar Pepper Distillery in 1838. But these enterprising farmer-distillers, much like the earlier distillers of plums and berries, were distilling whiskey more or less for themselves and neighbors. The Best Peated Single Malt Scotch Whisky, Blind Tasted And Ranked. But this profession is beloved because it is essential, and it is respected because its pursuit is clothed with an element of danger and with a sporting risk. Frederick and Philip Stitzel built their first distillery in Louisville in 1872. It just didnt taste the same. The supplier would receive a percentage of the whiskey, the distiller keeping the rest for his trouble. These people had a long history of moving (or being moved) to new lands, coping with hardships, battling adversity, and establishing thriving communities. The Ripy brothers opened a distillery in 1905 that would later be known as the Wild Turkey Distillery. 10. Their company would later merge with the Weller company and become known as Stitzel-Weller. Most rectifiers were--and are--reputable wholesalers who bought whiskey from different distilleries (or a selection of casks from just one distillery) and mingled them together to arrive at a consistent product they could call their own. These are mere incidents in its progress. The father of our country really knew how to look after his children; he actually suggested that public distilleries be constructed throughout the states citing that, The benefits arising from the moderate use of strong liquor have been experienced in all armies and are not to be disputed.. Everyone knows this, even the powers of the government. However, its interesting to look at why so many farmers in the century preceding independence were also distillers. Oscar Pepper, in the 1800s. The company had $100,000 in capital and bought 100 acres of Louisville land where they built a huge distillery. Many of the other straight whiskeys on the market at this time were merely young--they were bottled at 12- to 18-months-old and sold under familiar labels. Black marketeers who had the means to make whiskey simply couldnt restrain themselves. In this same speech Lincoln stated his belief that people would be more likely to stop drinking if, instead of being preached to about the evils of alcohol, they were shown examples of how sobriety would enhance their lives. This legitimate whiskey was prized for its high quality, since unless people could get hold of smuggled Scotch, most of the other available whiskeys were roughly made and seldom aged by the moonshiners who produced them. 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