The destroyer Yayoi, sent to recover these men, was itself bombed and sunk on 11 September. The Battle of Hollandia (code-named Operation Reckless) was an engagement between Allies of World War II and Japanese forces during World War II. The stores situation in the forward area grew more urgent as the supply line up the single road broke down. Task Force 74, under British Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley, consisted of the cruisers HMAS Australia and Shropshire plus several destroyers, while Task Force 75 was made up of three U.S. cruisers, Phoenix, Nashville and Boise under Rear Admiral Russell Berkey. By December 27, 1942, 1,100 Japanese documents had been received at the Advanced Land Headquarters, Brisbane, from the New Guinea area. On 17 September, the Japanese had reached the village of Ioribaiwa, just 30 kilometres (20mi) from the Allied airdrome at Port Moresby. On March 1, 1944, soldiers found on the body of the commander of Baba Battalion a copy of a field order issued by him in which he ordered an attack on American positions for that same afternoon. [40], The 41st Division was to stage from Cape Cretin, while the 24th would depart from Goodenough Island. Taking the airfield at Wau was a crucial step in this process, and to this end, the 51st Division was transferred from Indochina and placed under General Hitoshi Imamura's Eighth Area Army at Rabaul; one regiment arrived at Lae in early January 1943. Over 120 of these Research Reports were published. Such experiments led to improvements in naval gunfire techniques and infantry tactics in time for the Marshalls operation. At 177 planes, this was the largest Japanese air attack since Pearl Harbor. [22] The cost to the Allied fighters was high. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41 st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. The Allies made good use of the information in the naval campaigns that followed. Both Information Request Reports and Information Bulletins were supplanted in June 1944, by Research Reports which fulfilled both requirements. [24][25] The operation was the 24th Infantry Division's first combat assignment after home defense duties in Hawaii and training in Australia,[26] but the 41st Infantry Division had previously taken part in the fighting in New Guinea in 19421943. ATIS was directed to make available to the board any and all information having to do with the identification of Japanese war criminals. Limited Distribution Reports were special reports, highly classified, consisting of translations of documents possessing information of the highest intelligence value or of immediate importance, issued from time to time as directed. It was a grisly task, but a military necessity since Japanese soldiers do not surrender and within swimming distance of shore, they could not be allowed to land and join the Lae garrison. It held what turned out to be a gold mine of valuable documents, including battle plans, codes and letters. [7], MacArthur met with the commander of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, at Brisbane between 25 and 27 March to discuss the role of the Navy in the operation. 126 is Hoko: The Spy-Hostage System of Group Control-The Clue to Japanese Psychology. On April 29, 1944, Research Report No. Over 170 were published, including many extracts from diaries and notebooks. [40], About 6,900 troops aboard eight transports, escorted by eight destroyers, departed Rabaul at midnight 28 February under the command of Rear Admiral Masatomi Kimura. According to Morison, "the Japanese retreat down the Kokoda Trail had turned into a rout. [9], The Japanese 8th Area Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American army), under General Hitoshi Imamura at Rabaul, was responsible for both the New Guinea and Solomon Islands campaigns. Gen. Frank D. Merrill, captured 2 tons of documents at Myitkyina, Burma. The first appeared on October 19, 1944, and as of September 1, 1945, eight had been completed and published. As a result of immediate translation of the map, the 5th Air Force was informed and proceeded to destroy practically all of the barges. A unified American-British-Dutch-Australian Command, ABDACOM, under Wavell, responsible for holding Malaya, Sumatra, Java, . 119 deals with the Japanese Military Police Service and Report No. The Allied reduction of Rabaul was only made possible by relentless air strikes that took place day after day, but Yamamoto thought the damage inflicted by a few attacks of large formations would derail Allied plans long enough for Japan to prepare a defense in depth. [13] Eventually it would grow to over 2,500 personnel, some of who served with Advanced Echelons and combat units. MacArthur's rollback began with the 16 November 1942 22 January 1943 Battle of Buna-Gona. [30], The D'Entrecasteaux Islands lie directly off the northeast coast of the lower portion of the Papuan peninsula. 25 with Anti-Japanese activities in Java; and No. As the body of available material continued to grow, individual studies based on information available to ATIS were produced as Information Bulletins on subjects of general interest. This contest produced a number of valuable documents and propaganda leaflets. The translation of documents captured in the Southwest Pacific Area began with those taken in the Milne Bay operation in August 1942. US troops and vehicles along the invasion beach at Korako. [67], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}23158.8S 140431.2E / 2.533000S 140.717000E / -2.533000; 140.717000. Japanese makeshift bridges were attacked by P-40s with 500lb (230kg) bombs. By 1944 the school had outgrown these facilities and moved to nearby Fort Snelling. 9, Japanese-English Medical Dictionary; No. The town itself was on the shore of Humboldt Bay, with a first-class anchorage. During the period of October 1942-July 1943, the work of indexing, abstracting and collating information from captured documents and prisoners of war, answering internal queries, and providing information to assist translators and examiners, was carried on by a staff consisting of six officers and ten enlisted personnel. Thompson sub machine-guns jammed with the gritty mud and were unreliable in the humid atmosphere ", John Vader, New Guinea: The Tide Is Stemmed, pp. ATIS was established on September 19, 1942, and was headquartered in a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. For example, in the fall of 1944, Task Force Galahad, commanded by Brig. On October 22, 1944, X Corps captured four sketches, one of gun positions north of Dulag, Leyte, and three of San Roque, Catmon Hill Area, Leyte, containing gun and coastal defense positions. 72 was published as an accumulation of documentary evidence for the Commission Regarding Breaches of the Rules of Warfare by the Japanese Forces of the Australian Commonwealth. When the Japanese invaded New Guinea in early 1942, they began a struggle for control of the island which would last until the end of the Second World War. [54] There was little resistance initially, but further inland there was some opposition as elements of the 186th Infantry reached the lake by 24 April. They were prepared and distributed as a result of a specific need, and represented a form of publication for matters outside the usual range of translations and reports. Japanese forces to the west were reconfigured to form a defense line through Biak and Manokwari,[62] while the Japanese 18th Army, still in defensive positions around Wewak, to the east, were faced with a long retreat west through the jungle having been ordered to bypass Hollandia and Aitape and reinforce the 2nd Army in western New Guinea. See Appendix I for information about the ATIS publication program. In many instances these organizations were staffed with translators trained in military and naval language schools in the United States. The Admiralty Islands having been seized a month ahead of schedule, MacArthur accelerated his advance. To help ensure soldiers turned in any souvenirs of intelligence interest, the CIC established a souvenir grab bag. This contained items of no intelligence value, such as Japanese postcards, stationery, pictures, and clothing, and any soldier who handed over a souvenir needed for intelligence analysis was allowed to take an item from the grab bag in exchange. It was recognized that before an invasion of the Japanese home islands became possible it would be necessary to undertake extensive aerial bombardment of the islands and cut Japans lines of communications to the Dutch East Indies and Malaya. [18], "[T]he Owen Stanley Range is a jagged, precipitous obstacle covered with tropical rainforest up to the pass at 6500-foot elevation, and with moss like a thick wet sponge up to the highest peaks, 13,000 feet above the sea. [8] ICPOAs first officer in charge was Cmdr. [9] Few combat units were stationed at Hollandia in early 1944. [41] Through the afternoon of 1 March, the overcast weather held at which point everything began to go wrong for the Japanese. 87 (Japanese Mines and Minesweeping); and, Nos. Gona fell to the Australians on 9 December 1942, Buna to the US 32nd on 2 January 1943, and Sanananda, located between the two larger villages, fell to the Australians on 22 January. After the occupation of Hollandia and Aitape the Allies were in a strong position, but they did not stop there. Instances were noted of officers completely out of their depth, of men eating meals when they should have been on the firing line, even of cowardice. Army units in the South Pacific were transferred to MacArthurs direct control in June, and the U.S. 13th Air Force was moved to the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA) to form, with the U.S. 5th Air Force, the new Far Eastern Air Force, which was commanded by Gen. George C. Kenney in addition to his position as commander of Allied Air Forces SWPA. The plan called for the establishment of a two-battalion front, with troops landed in seven waves at two beaches: Red 1 around the Depapre Inlet and Red 2 on the eastern side of the bay. The landings were undertaken simultaneously with the amphibious invasion of Aitape ("Operation Persecution") to the east. Interrogation of a prisoner confirmed the fact that supplies were being unloaded at Lae from enemy submarines. In March 1944, plans were developed for ATIS to be located in closer proximity to combat operations. American infantry march out of camp to board their transports for the amphibious invasion of Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 16 April 1944. Adachi ignored this order, and instead decided to concentrate his troops at Hansa Bay and Wewak. [1][2], Hollandia was situated on the east side of a headland separating Humboldt Bay to the east and Tanahmerah Bay, 25 miles (40km) to the west. The B-29s in the Pacific, forming a part of the U.S. 20th Air Force, were controlled by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, acting through Gen. Henry (Hap) Arnold, commanding general of the U.S. Army Air Forces. Neither Kitazono nor Endo had been able to prepare a comprehensive defensive plan, and in any event had neither the men nor the resources to carry it out. At the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police) headquarters they found numerous lists of names and evidence of collaboration and disloyalty to the Philippines and the United States. The westernmost island of this group, Goodenough, had been occupied in August 1942 by 353 stranded troops from bombed Japanese landing craft. [17], After this failure, the Japanese decided on a longer term, two-pronged assault for their next attempt on Port Moresby. Among this cache were code books and a list of Japanese and German agents in the United States. Incidence of malaria was almost one hundred per cent. . Nowhere in the modern world has an armed liberation struggle persisted for so long - nearly 30 years - and with such secrecy, as the West Papuan war of resistance against the military government of Indonesia. 255) Procedure in interrogating and handling [Allied] prisoners of war. Over 420 of these were published. Except for some fairly heavy air raids, the Japanese reacted feebly to this penetration of their last defenses before the Philippines. [52], Seven LSTs and the Australian transport Westralia were unloaded over the shore at White 1, landing 4,200 tonnes of combat supplies and over 300 vehicles on the first day. This resulted in considerable fatigue for the air crews. Allied planners believed that the two beaches were connected by a road, and that another road suitable for vehicle traffic ran inland towards Lake Sentani. 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