However, the state government transfer total includes indirect federal funds that are initially allocated to states. /Tabs /S What tax incentives encourage alternatives to fossil fuels? /StructParents 4 What is the TCJA base erosion and anti-abuse tax and how does it work? >> State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments, Gross Domestic Product, Third Quarter 2018 (Second Estimate); Corporate Profits, Third Quarter 2018 (Preliminary Estimate), Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments. Aravind Boddupalli, Tracy Gordon, and Lourdes German (2021), State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities /CS /DeviceRGB /Image8 18 0 R . Rakson Nigeria Ltd. Okotoni, O. /ExtGState << What is the tax treatment of college and university endowments? 2. /F1 20 0 R /Tabs /S Revenue sources and economic growth in Nigeria: An appraisal. /Group << >> Some of the commissions include Phillipson Commission of 1946, Hicks-Phillipson Commission of 1950, . Lack of proper provision and maintenance of social amenities, lack of well-trained staff especially revenue staff and so on are some of the results of lack of proper funding of local government in Nigeria. /ModDate (D:20131230000155+10'00') << Cities could also increase value from unused land plots through monetizing them either as lease contracts or through other more innovative publicprivate partnership structures, such as joint development agreements or joint ventures (Exhibit 4). /F10 61 0 R Governments should ensure that fee levels cover the costs of services being provided in the majority of cases. >> What are Roth individual retirement accounts? /ExtGState << 8 Who bears the burden of a national retail sales tax? What is the breakdown of revenues among federal, state, and local governments? HyTSwoc [5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}088GNg9w '0 Jb How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change personal taxes? Tax as a financial charge, is the main source of revenue generation for any government. /F2 21 0 R How large are individual income tax incentives for charitable giving? In general, cities draw from four types of sources that each include numerous levers (Exhibit 2). Lucy Dadayan (reports are updated quarterly), Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes /F5 40 0 R (2006). What would and would not be taxed under a broad-based income tax? <>>> <]>> If you would like information about this content we will be happy to work with you. Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from tax. <>stream State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments. Local governments created with administrative and financial autonomy have two sources of revenue (internal and external) to promote development at the grassroot. Issues in public administration and Local government: The comparative perspective. Who bears the burden of federal excise taxes? Never miss an insight. But, communities are still facing a numerous difficulties in access to basic goods and services from local governments Authorities (Pradeep, 2011). Subscribed to {PRACTICE_NAME} email alerts. << How large are the tax expenditures for retirement saving? This preparatory work generally consists of collecting the relevant data and developing the current revenue baseline. /F6 41 0 R What characteristics make fiscal stimulus most effective? What is the size of the opportunity? >> The contribution of property taxes to general revenue declined from 34 percent in 1977 to 30 percent in 1979, fell to a low of 27 percent in 2000, then returned to 30 percent in recent years. Developing countries revenue growth is hampered by a . /CS /DeviceRGB Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M. the federal and state governments in Nigeria to boost revenue generation under a programme known as the Accelerated Revenue Generation (ARG) Programme. (All sources of local government general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.). /Meta64 58 0 R (2016). 14 0 obj What are the sources of revenue for state governments? What are the major federal payroll taxes, and how much money do they raise? 5 0 obj /Font << Hence the various sources of local government finance have become very crucial in order to foster development at all levels of governance. Before cities can begin to optimize their revenues, they must first compile an inventory of existing revenue streams. endobj /CS /DeviceRGB endobj stream /Image8 18 0 R Revenue Generation in Local Government Areas (Problems and Prospects) Filed in Accounting Project Topics, Current Projects by TMLT Editorials on July 20, 2021 /Meta78 65 0 R /Meta56 45 0 R /F1 20 0 R /Meta99 77 0 R What would be the effect of a national retail sales tax on economic growth? Next, cities should perform a thorough gap analysis to define the potential revenue impact for any given stream. /CS /DeviceRGB [/ICCBased 11 0 R] 8 0 obj To meet rising expectations for service delivery amid tight budgets, municipal governments must increase revenues from existing sources as well as create new revenue streams. endobj The Local Government Act 462 of 1993 authorises and empowers the district assemblies to mobilise revenue in the form of rates, fees & fines, licences, rent, among others to help finance projects in their various areas of authority. However, the composition of tax revenue has changed somewhat. Lucy Dadayan and Kim Rueben (2021), More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies In contrast, revenues from charges steadily increased from 11 percent of general revenuein 1977 to 17 percent in 2019. What types of federal grants are made to state and local governments and how do they work? The Nigerian political system is of a federal one which implies that all the three tiers of government should each function to provide good, Ola Ventures. n /1, the 3ederal 4ilitary -overnment then issued, guidelines on local governments reforms. /Parent 2 0 R Local government personnel can be trained to administer simple but adequate revenue generation instruments. How might low- and middle-income households be encouraged to save? /Image20 81 0 R What are the sources of revenue for local governments? /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] stream <>stream How would various proposals affect incentives for charitable giving? How should distributional tables be interpreted? Cities that successfully cultivate a mixture of actions can dramatically improve their fiscal health and improve services for their residents. <>>> The revenue generated is utilized by states and its functional departments for meeting the expenditures on infrastructure, public transportation, sanitation, legal systems, public safety, education, health care systems, military . To guide price hikes, cities could use benchmarks to determine the acceptable range. 8. Charges and taxes. How do taxes affect the economy in the long run? This exercise involves analyzing the citys revenue baseline to determine current revenue generation across all streams and then comparing revenue streams against benchmarks for peer cities to identify any gaps. What is a territorial tax and does the United States have one now? Within this larger context, the ability of local governments to successfully and sustainably use revenue powers depends on an appropriate multi-dimensional constitutional/legal/ administrative framework. /Parent 2 0 R /CreationDate (D:20131230000155+10'00') Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. out of variations from the revenue generation capacities of component units. /Tabs /S /Contents 80 0 R Revenue Generation in Nigeria's Local Government. Gross Domestic Product, Third Quarter 2018 (Second Estimate); Corporate Profits, Third Quarter 2018 (Preliminary Estimate).. (2011). 1346-1366. Form 2, or on the appropriate line on Nebraska and Local Sales and Use Tax Return, Form 10 . >> >> xref /Font << endobj What other countries use return-free filing? How do flexible spending accounts for health care expenses work? /Meta52 49 0 R <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> x\KF+BGPpF^H bCfz(a11mGVV_faw1^o|mew5t'7=^$MDDRYTR7*::'W{o7/jBl\~?vM/ . /Type /Page 9. 7. Each time, the city brought in $7 million to $9 million in revenue. The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government, Political Science and International Studies, Political Science and International Studies (R0), Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. In Finland, for example, fines for speeding are broadly linked to the income of violators and how far over the speed limit they were traveling when caught. What was the experience with return-free filing in California? <> In general, this intervention represents the horizon for innovation across all revenue streams. >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Tabs /S N')].uJr 9 0 obj 5 How much does the federal government spend on health care? In Nigeria, as in other developing countries, the debate on the nature and purpose of local government has been a long and at times better one. This effect is the strongest in mostly rural and sparsely populated areas where lignite is mined and used for power generation. In the last 10 years, Illinois has reduced the portion of income tax returned to cities and towns. The history of man has sho#n that, No system or rules can be effective #heth, er foreign or nature unless it en%oys some, measures of financial independence. << Cities could also revise their pricing models by using differentiating factors specific to each revenue lever. What are municipal bonds and how are they used? Cities should then establish a revenue committee that adopts a strategic perspective to assess the impact of revenue levers and understand the interlocking factors. Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. responsibilities in the federation. =s`Eu00Fu@dH*e&PtD\ \ v B#L2]\m 0 /Type /Page /Group << How did the TCJA affect the federal budget outlook? State governments collected $2.2 trillion of general revenues in 2019. Norton Francis and Frank Sammartino (2015). What tax incentives exist to help families save for education expenses? How did the TCJA affect incentives for charitable giving? When renegotiating existing leases, several levers can be utilized, such as increasing allowable floor-to-area ratio (FAR), collecting penalties for violations, amending contract duration and payment terms, and modifying plot use. Nchuchuwe, F. F. Local government finance in Nigeria in Olojede, I., Fajonyomi, B., & Fatile, J. x]s63|:oNg$8Sw}hKM7?.~Vb@g6v|Y,j]w2_~yv6IDltsLDI%:nCSq251Le,qGO2-y5E 6X6> iq#"K%J3#GfF/_F ?V]pq^Te%&zuD`~>EgFY3c87Hlt9@)Ov?"c" @]TLlJaZg=40P//^E5uTxR4nhs7=pOCezQ&6.6+`,^M:|"T|m|'wo'Sc^e~abN77`& 8E9"m @}_6l?\Lzw]$1%gVv!CBJi`UY! >> /Meta62 60 0 R /F7 42 0 R Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. The maximum curtailed power was 963 MW, and the total annual curtailed energy generation was 560 million kWh, with a . >> /Contents 79 0 R "Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments." /F6 41 0 R Google Scholar. Li'}4I>A7i3;g f>dm,orW6XCid&ntGMhJ^ur!y]j]V CWD.6Eh.\Z35 =+`=+Zj:8l?3ZbS8h._=mp,:bx+2r&^N J'%3U4oHnkb~u*k.[pg 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas, un.org. /GS31 30 0 R Chin, A.-P. (2007). /Tabs /S /F4 23 0 R In 2019, transfers from the federal government provided 22 percent of combined state and local general revenues. A new tax on plastic would raise revenues and also benefit the environment. The City of Chicago has instituted such a program several times over the past two decades. 3. This can be accomplished through moves that wont adversely affect public opinion or a citys competitiveness in attracting businesses and economic development. /StructParents 8 11. Cities can also raise revenues by increasing the number of transactions through various approaches. Despite the numerous options available to generate more funding for city operations, elected officials must proceed carefully. /F1 82 0 R >> The largest state and local general own-source funds came from charges and property taxes (both 17 percent), followed by individual income taxes and general sales taxes (both 13 percent),and selective sales taxes (6 percent). /StructParents 9 endobj Transfers from the federal government have fluctuated considerably over the past three decades. Tax is a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies, for the various legitimate function of the state (, Tax is a necessary ingredient for civili"ation. /Contents 67 0 R Babcock University Press. endobj 0000000016 00000 n As a result, local governments are continually forced to levying of non-property taxes and fees (Steiss et al, 2011,). /S /Transparency >> /F7 42 0 R 4 0 obj Dibie, R. A. /StructParents 7 /StructParents 2 The State's own budgetary issues have put a major strain on local government budgets across Illinois. /Resources << What policy reforms could simplify the tax code? >> Urban Institute, Brookings Institution, and individual authors, 2022. /F5 40 0 R How do state and local individual income taxes work? /S /Transparency 3. As a result of these twin trends, a majority of the municipalities around the world are struggling to increase revenues while facing structural budget shortfalls that threaten service delivery and quality. What is the tax treatment of charitable contributions? /CS /DeviceRGB Chapter One of Revenue Generation in Local Government Areas (Problems and Prospects) INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Nigeria has three- tiers of government systems, These are; (i) The federal government (ii) The state government and (iii) The local government. endobj /Image8 18 0 R xX8oANvfvV{9nv$&HZ /4WU|y Y[|)|EB;$Oy,x>_$x/ Revenue generation is the main source of income to the Federal, State and local Governments. Service fees. 2 0 obj Most cities have yet to unlock the full potential of their existing revenue sources, let alone tap into new streams. How do financing methods affect the distributional analyses of tax cuts? Accessed 18 July 2016. /Font << Predicting Municipal Fiscal Distress: Aspiration or Reality? sources, via the external sources and the internal source. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 2. endobj OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. Public sector revenue management is as managing government revenue in public sectors. /Meta77 66 0 R /Meta38 38 0 R 9evelopment is highly associated #ith, much revenue is needed to plan, execute and maintain infrastructures and facilities, developmental pro%ects li$e construction of accessible roads, building of public, schools, health care centers, construction of bridges among others are sources, generated from taxes, royalties, haulages, fines and, international governments. The potential effect on electricity prices is discussed in the Additional Comments section below. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 5356 11 Loay AlMujadidi is a consultant in McKinseys Riyadh office; Christian Azoury is an associate partner in the Dubai office, where Dirk Schmautzer is a partner; and Jonathan Woetzel is a senior partner in the Shanghai office and a director of the McKinsey Global Institute. In Saudi Arabia, the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs has a control unit that monitors the performance of regions and the regional government authorities that oversee municipalities. 'ocal governments in, over a number of years. xZs8hI6mzumvwn:ul7 z?0{v8,Vjq.W?_/NOfSXbyqhu0r}z2/6r>YmM%`@NUOv- /S /Transparency This source of revenue is mostly cyclical; it grew sharply during the 2001 and the 200709 recessions, receding in both cases as the economy recovered (figure 4). >> Global Journals Inc. (USA). /F4 23 0 R appropriate. >> Its time to change it,, Author Talks: The worlds longest study of adult development finds the key to happy living, The executives guide to new-business building, Generative AI is here: How tools like ChatGPT could change your business, Smart cities: Digital solutions for a more livable future, Dubai introduces innovation fees for government transactions,. /Font << Keywords: Local Government, Federalism, Revenue Allocation and Fiscal Federalism 1. The share from intergovernmental transfers also fluctuated somewhat over time, falling from 43 percent of general revenue in 1977 to 36 percent in 2017. The survey research design was adopted for this study, with 414 staff of Ikorodu local government area as the population of the study. D?M5j$3X,/L )o-@ci"wAB%O3FQO ~3(,*Y| ?3efuj 6 6+?j|yDVQvKxzV. >Pu*wH:97CWW State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments, How the COVID-19 Pandemic is Transforming State Budgets, State Tax and Economic Review /Group << 0v=.7&YP ?SfqZBEFowu8-RmHaav,Ax5dT# Today, the LGDF receives only 6.06% of total personal income tax the state receives, a reduction . City assets and investments. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /F5 40 0 R Hassan, M. M. (2011). /XObject << /S /Transparency Filipatali, T. (2013). (2006). What tax incentives exist for higher education? These cities typically adopt one of two archetypes: an independent revenue monetization department that focuses on commercial aspects and acts as a strategic unit for generating revenues, or a commercial unit integrated into the finance department that is responsible for tracking progress of revenue targets. How have the sources of revenue for state and local governments changed over time? /Meta25 33 0 R /S /Transparency 10 0 obj essential social services to the people. \~x2{w6HZpV1 ~eh5u*d*pn1gs9WzfY+W)hh,O`\`k}[rHyU ;18HXS-xep]#2 jAI740-+-=tk3zdSzn*Qv8tC>"mTv{ 4X[w*qQ*@TLHYF\MQZjxU^VQqy hiJdNVhP Mq:=oD5QyU!WwH^_/6+_Gwg_vSLVe` -WL=:@N>X9VfEhlfN~ <=-y3e,KQ!CH[jy^{eTuyt\p\)?rj;7K80r;@66Auu:fdYfJ LG8D6 %$5 >> 10 0 obj For example, the federal government sends K-12 education funds to state governments that then distribute the money to local governments. An effective assessment will analyze a given interventions technical feasibility and implementation. That amount includes intergovernmental transfers from the federal government but not transfers between state and local governments (which is why the combined total is less than the sum of the separate state and local totals listed below). The percentage fell to a low of 8.0 percent in 1984 and peaked at 9.9 percent in 2009. >> US Census Bureau. Municipalities raise revenues by charging for services such as public parking, toll roads, waste management, and building permits, among others. >> Municipalities could increase service fees (such as those on parking and construction permits) as well as fines, taxes, and the cost of accessing city assets (such as beaches). Gordon, Tracy, Richard Auxier, and John Iselin. >> N /Resources << endobj Essentials of management. >> In addition, to help gauge the likelihood and tenor of social acceptance prior to forging ahead with implementation, cities could consider conducting a citizen sentiment survey to understand how receptive residents might be to specific changes in fee structures and charges. 9 o"A\|h9MxgZ(wpMk UN==dN#R. /Group << Local government revenue comes from property, sales, and other taxes; charges and fees; and transfers from federal and state governments. Last, municipalities could increase revenues by implementing higher fees for faster processing times or better service. %(zC]N"t~'ewd+*a[`.dP(wz)Vio+qjXvVmWHS%n}"GC3m*.#w+.T#p1f^HgC`|Mzcs,JX8/v>na,4t^}$$\X S:ds0{ws:yGu.%;x/\)F@!>od1v((EF|' >> What criticisms are levied against standard distributional analysis? /GS31 30 0 R Perhaps the simplest and most straightforward approach across each of the four revenue streams would be to charge more. Fines. International Journal of Arts and Humanities Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2(3), S/No. Revenue generation: Its impact on government developmental effort (A study of selected local council in Kogi East senatorial district). /F1 20 0 R What options would increase federal revenues? /Meta44 31 0 R /F1 20 0 R >> Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /Image8 18 0 R Cover cost to serve where possible. In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments as part of the CARES Act . Ayodele, I. O., & Sunday, A. E. (2009). Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012. >> %PDF-1.4 % What is the TCJA repatriation tax and how does it work? /Meta81 69 0 R /F4 23 0 R A review of revenue generation in Nigeria local government: A case study of Ekiti State. What are the drawbacks of return-free filing? >> For example, revenue KPIs could include the annual increase in revenue per lever, while nonrevenue KPIs could define targets for each lever and its corresponding interventions, such as the annual increase in the number of violations detected. Local governments collected $1.7 trillion of general revenue in 2017. To serve as the third tier of government through #hich appropriate services and, development are made in response to the #ishes of local community through their, &. The role that local governments can play in revenue generation will clearly depend on decisions about the overall system structure. Furthermore, the funding that municipalities receive from other government entities is decreasing. (Sources of state general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.). 10 3 0 obj As an alternative to benchmarking, cities could also determine the cost of services and then establish a cost-plus pricing model to generate additional revenues.
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